Page 20 - Virtual Vascular

Carbon Dioxide (CO ) Angiography
2
in Endovascular Surgery

Learning points:

• Contrast arteriography is currently the gold standard of vascular imaging
during endovascular procedures

• Iodine contrast medium has risks of contrast nephropathy, especially in

patients with renal impairment

• CO angiography can be used via a commercial automated CO injector
2
2
to replace or reduce the use of iodine contrast volume during
endovascular procedures

• CO angiography is contra-indicated for use in arteries above diaphragm
2
(risk of inducing mesenteric artery or renal artery ischemia due to

vapour-lock phenomenon), or in patients with poor lung function (CO is
2
expired by the lungs) or with pulmonary arteriovenous malformation.